Intra-varietal variation for in vitro plant regeneration in the genus Trifolium

Summary Seedlings of Trifolium repens showed considerable variation with regard to the morphology and growth of their calli, and their ability for in vitro differentiation of shoots. One of the lines selected for regeneration in primary callus cultures also showed shoot formation from protoplasts. Somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures of T. pratense and T. arvense occurred only in selected seedling lines. This paper highlights the importance of screening a large number of plants within a cultivar of outbreeding species to achieve reproducible plant regeneration from tissue culture.     

Genetic variability among elite red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) parents used in Chile as revealed by RAPD markers

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the main forage species of temperate regions. Cultivars of red clover are heterogeneous which makes their genetic analysis difficult. We applied RAPDs (Random Amplifed Polymorphic DNA) in order to assess the genetic relationship and levels of genetic variability existing among a group of 16 elite red clover parents organised in four subsets of 4 parents each. Out of 55 primers 21 provided reproducible results. A total of 135 reliable and polymorphic RAPD bands were detected which were used to estimate genetic distances among pair-wise combinations of elite parents. Nei and Li's similarity values ranged from 0.60 to 0.77, with a mean of 0.66, which reflects a rather high genetic variability among the genotypes evaluated. Lower levels of genetic variability, as detected by polymorphic loci and mean heterogeneity values, were detected in a subset of parents selected for resistance to the stem nematode. Cluster analyses resolved the different sets of parents in a manner consistent with what is known from their breeding origins. An Analysis of Molecular Variance detected substantial levels of variation within subsets of parents. RAPDs represent a valuable source of genetic information for red clover breeding programmes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

棉花高光谱及其红边特征(I)

通过大田和室内试验,测定了2个品种的棉花冠层、完全展开倒1、3叶在不同时期的高光谱反射率及对应叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量。结果表明:随发育期推移,棉花冠层光谱反射率在可见光范围降低,在近红外区域增高;叶片背面光谱反射率略高于正面,透射率小于反射率;叶面积指数、鲜叶重和干叶重与冠层反射光谱变量ρ800 ρ550、ρ800 ρ680、ρ680 ρ570之间存在显著相关;叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素浓度与其反射光谱变量ρ680 ρ570、ρ673 ρ640、ρ680 ρ550、PSSRa、PSNDa、RCh之间也呈显著相关。     

红壤地油菜上施用的尿素态氮的去向及尿素在提高油菜产量中的效率

Fate of urea nitrogen(N) applied to rape grown on a red soil was investigated by the 15N mass balance technique.and efficiency of urea and effect of nutrients balance in raising rape yield were investigated in a field plot experiment.One hundred and thirty -eight kg N/ha,86kg N/ha as basal dressing and 52 kg N/ha as top dressing,was applied with band application technique.The experiment was conducted in the southeast of china ,near Yingtan City,Jianxi Province.Results from 15N mass balance study showed that when urea urea was applied as basal dressing the plant recovery was 44.0% of the applied N for Treatment T (with application of N,P,K,B and lime),Plant recoveries were 38.0%-40.5% for Treatments-K,-B-lime and RS(without application of K,B or lime as well as with additional rice straw compared with Teatment T),which were not significantly different from Treatment T.In contrast ,plant recovery was only 5.1% for Treatment-P(without application of P), indicating that P was the factor limiting N uptake by rape.However,N remaining in 0-0.30 m soil was high up to 71.6% for Treatment-P,while the corresponding data were 33.0%-42.6% for the other treatments.The total recovery of applied N(including plant recovery and N remaining in 0-0.60 m soil) was 91.5% for Treatment T when urea was applied as basal dressing,while almost all the applied N was recovered when ureawas applied as top drssing,It was suggested that N loss was greatly controlled by using band application method in this experiment.Results from the field plot experiment field plot experiment showed that N supply capacity of this red soil was very low,and the efficiency of the applied N was quite high,7.1kg rape seed was increased by application of one kg N for Treatment T.Nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors limiting rape yield,and the yield was very low when neither of them was applied.The yield in Treatment-K was significantly lower than that in Treatment T,With the former accounting for 77% of the later.     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

液体地膜防治丘陵红壤地区水土流失的研究

通过田间试验研究了红壤丘陵区液体地膜对防治水土流失的效果和持续时间及对作物生长的影响。结果表明:地表径流量荒地喷液体地膜比对照(喷清水)增加1/5;园地比对照增加1/3。土壤侵蚀量荒地喷液体地膜比对照可减少1/2;园地比对照减少近1/3。旱稻喷液体地膜分别提高了出苗14%,有效穗11%,成穗率8%,由此增产753kg/hm2。液体地膜防治水土流失的持续时期约45d,可有效防治红壤地区夏收夏种农时季节的关键性水土流失。     

荒地红壤脱水过程中的结构性演变

以浙江金衢盆地未开垦的荒地红壤为例,研究了红壤心土层在逐步风干脱水条件下的结构性变化情况。结果表明,荒地红壤心土层土体在脱水条件下,结构性有所增强,生成了许多"假砂"结构体,使得土壤物理性质有所改善。此外,进一步研究了该变化过程中土壤持水能力的变化以及土体内胶结物质所起的作用。同时指出在荒地红壤改良中,进行开荒培肥、提高有机质含量对于该地区水土保持和农业生产的重要意义。     

基于GIS和GPS的南方红壤侵蚀区土地资源评价

绿色GDP概念,来自生态经济学的最新研究成果,是指将经济增长所导致的灾害、环境污染和资源浪费(统称生态环境损失)等,从GDP中扣除,在我国,常规的GDP统计,是不扣除生态环境损失值的。这与国际上通行的规则是不相一致的。按照联合国1995年提出的可持续发展指标的要求,判定一个国家或地区的发展,不单单看其经济增长指标,而要用经济增长值减去生态环境损失值,所得的值为发展值。如果经济增长大于生态环境损失,是为发展;反之,便是负发展。例如:在我国,伐树所得1元的     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低     

茂名近岸海域生态调查和生物监测

采用生物监测方法,对茂名市近岸海域生态环境进行现状调查和监测。监测结果表明,茂名近岸生态系统较稳定,物种分布比较均匀,大部分水域为清洁区,少数水域为轻度污染,尚未达到发生赤潮的危险程度。